Can forest management based on natural disturbances maintain ecological resilience?
نویسندگان
چکیده
Given the increasingly global stresses on forests, many ecologists argue that managers must maintain ecological resilience: the capacity of ecosystems to absorb disturbances without undergoing fundamental change. In this review we ask: Can the emerging paradigm of natural-disturbance-based management (NDBM) maintain ecological resilience in managed forests? Applying resilience theory requires careful articulation of the ecosystem state under consideration, the disturbances and stresses that affect the persistence of possible alternative states, and the spatial and temporal scales of management relevance. Implementing NDBM while maintaining resilience means recognizing that (i) biodiversity is important for long-term ecosystem persistence, (ii) natural disturbances play a critical role as a generator of structural and compositional heterogeneity at multiple scales, and (iii) traditional management tends to produce forests more homogeneous than those disturbed naturally and increases the likelihood of unexpected catastrophic change by constraining variation of key environmental processes. NDBM may maintain resilience if silvicultural strategies retain the structures and processes that perpetuate desired states while reducing those that enhance resilience of undesirable states. Such strategies require an understanding of harvesting impacts on slow ecosystem processes, such as seed-bank or nutrient dynamics, which in the long term can lead to ecological surprises by altering the forest’s capacity to reorganize after disturbance. Résumé : Étant donné l’augmentation globale des stress dans les forêts, plusieurs écologistes croient que les gestionnaires doivent maintenir la résilience écologique, c’est-à-dire la capacité des écosystèmes à absorber les perturbations sans subir de changements importants. Dans cette revue, nous nous demandons si le nouveau paradigme de l’aménagement basé sur les perturbations naturelles peut maintenir la résilience écologique dans les forêts aménagées? L’application de la théorie de la résilience exige une articulation minutieuse de l’état de l’écosystème considéré, des perturbations et des stress qui affectent la persistance d’états alternatifs potentiels ainsi que les échelles spatiales et temporelles de la pertinence de l’aménagement. L’application de l’aménagement basé sur les perturbations naturelles, tout en maintenant la résilience, oblige à reconnaître que (i) la biodiversité est importante pour la persistance à long terme de l’écosystème, (ii) les perturbations naturelles jouent un rôle crucial dans la genèse de l’hétérogénéité de la structure et de la composition à de multiples échelles et (iii) l’aménagement traditionnel tend à rendre les forêts plus homogènes que celles qui sont naturellement perturbées et à augmenter les chances de changements catastrophiques inattendus en réduisant la variation de processus environnementaux clés. L’aménagement basé sur les perturbations naturelles peut maintenir la résilience si les stratégies sylvicoles permettent de conserver les structures et les processus qui perpétuent les états désirés tout en réduisant ceux qui favorisent la résilience d’états indésirables. De telles stratégies exigent de comprendre les impacts de la récolte sur les processus écosystémiques lents, tels que la banque de graines ou la dynamique des nutriments, qui peuvent causer des surprises à long terme en modifiant la capacité de la forêt à se réorganiser après une perturbation. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Drever et al. 2299 Can. J. For. Res. 36: 2285–2299 (2006) doi:10.1139/X06-132 © 2006 NRC Canada 2285 Received 10 November 2005. Accepted 3 May 2006. Published on the NRC Research Press Web site at http://cjfr.nrc.ca on 12 September 2006. C.R. Drever1 and C. Messier. Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Forestière interuniversitaire, Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada. G. Peterson. Department of Geography and McGill School of the Environment, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada. Y. Bergeron. Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada / Université du Québec en Abitibi–Témiscamingue / Université de Québec à Montréal Industrial Chair in Sustainable Forest Management, Université du Québec en Abitibi– Témiscamingue, 445 boulevard de l’Université, Rouyn-Noranda, QC J9X 5E4, Canada. M. Flannigan. Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6A 2E5, Canada. 1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]).
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